Have Western economic sanctions successfully weakened Russia's war capacity?

Context

Since Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Western nations have imposed sweeping economic sanctions targeting Russian energy, finance, and technology sectors—aiming to degrade Moscow's military-industrial capacity. The debate centers on whether these measures have meaningfully constrained Russia's war effort or merely slowed it, given Russia's adaptation through sanctions-evasion networks, alternative trade partners, and domestic substitution. This question matters because it shapes Western strategy: if sanctions work, they justify continued economic pressure; if ineffective, policymakers must consider military or diplomatic alternatives.